Poland - A Country Study

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Index Page

  • Chronology of Important Events
  • COUNTRY PROFILE
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • EARLY HISTORY UNTIL 1385
  • The Origins of Poland
  • The Medieval Era
  • The Later Piasts
  • Integration into European Civilization
  • THE JAGIELLON ERA, 1385-1572
  • The Polish-Lithuanian Union
  • The "Golden Age" of the Sixteenth Century
  • Poland-Lithuania as a European Power
  • The Government of Poland-Lithuania
  • Poland-Lithuania in the Reformation Era
  • The Polish Renaissance
  • The Eastern Regions of the Realm
  • THE NOBLE REPUBLIC, 1572-1795
  • The Deluge, 1648-67
  • Decay of the Commonwealth
  • The Three Partitions, 1764-95
  • National Revival
  • Destruction of Poland-Lithuania
  • PARTITIONED POLAND
  • The Napoleonic Period
  • The Impact of Nationalism and Romanticism
  • The Era of National Insurrections
  • The Time of "Organic Work"
  • Social and Political Transformation
  • INDEPENDENCE WON AND LOST, 1914-45
  • World War I
  • War and the Polish Lands
  • Recovery of Statehood
  • Interwar Poland
  • Formative Years, 1918-21
  • From Democracy to Totalitarianism
  • Poland's International Situation
  • World WarII
  • The Outbreak of War
  • German and Soviet Rule
  • Resistance at Home and Abroad
  • Soviet Liberation of Poland
  • THE POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
  • Consolidation of Communist Power
  • From Stalinism to the Polish October
  • The Gathering Crisis of People's Poland, 1956-80
  • The Gomulka Years
  • Consolidation of the Opposition in the 1970s
  • The Birth of Solidarity
  • The Jaruzelski Interlude
  • Poland at an Impasse
  • Collapse of the Communist Regime
  • Toward the Round-Table Talks
  • The 1989 Elections and Their Aftermath
  • Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • PHYSICAL SETTING
  • Topography
  • Drainage
  • Climate
  • ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION
  • Environmental Conditions and Crises
  • Environmental Groups
  • Government Environmental Policy
  • DEMOGRAPHY
  • Languages
  • Population Growth and Structure
  • Population Density and Distribution
  • THE SOCIAL ORDER
  • Ethnic Groups
  • Jews
  • Germans
  • Ukrainians and Belarusians
  • Gypsies
  • The Intelligentsia
  • The Working Classes
  • Agricultural Workers
  • Industrial Workers
  • Social Relationships
  • The Role of Women
  • HOUSING
  • Communist Housing Policy
  • Polish Housing in Practice
  • Housing after 1989
  • RELIGION
  • The Polish Catholic Church and the State
  • Church and State Before 1945
  • The Early Communist Decades
  • Relations in the 1970s and 1980s
  • Church and State after 1989
  • The Polish Catholic Church and the People
  • Other Churches
  • The Greek Catholic Church
  • The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
  • The Old Catholic Churches
  • The Polish Ecumenical Council
  • EDUCATION
  • The Education Tradition
  • Eras of Repression
  • The Drive for Education Reform
  • Structure of the Education System
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
  • Health Conditions
  • The Health Care System
  • Health Issues
  • AIDS
  • Narcotics
  • Alcoholism
  • The Welfare System
  • Structural Change
  • Welfare Benefits
  • Chapter 3. The Economy
  • NATURAL RESOURCES
  • Minerals and Fuels
  • Agricultural Resources
  • Labor Force
  • THE ECONOMY UNDER THE COMMUNIST SYSTEM
  • Development Strategy
  • DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMY
  • Establishing the Planning Formula
  • Retrenchment and Adjustment in the 1960s
  • Reliance on Technology in the 1970s
  • Reform Failure in the 1980s
  • AFTER THE FALL OF THE COMMUNIST SYSTEM
  • Marketization and Stabilization
  • Required Short-Term Changes
  • The Shock Strategy
  • Initial Results
  • Long-Term Requirements
  • Macroeconomic Indicators for 1990-91
  • Price Increases
  • Impact on Productivity and Wages
  • Statistical Distortions
  • Agricultural Imbalances
  • Causes of Decline
  • The External Balance of the Economy
  • The Privatization Process
  • Economic Policy Making in the 1990s
  • STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
  • Fuels and Energy
  • Coal
  • Oil and Gas
  • Power Generation
  • Extractive and Manufacturing Industries
  • Light Industry
  • Automotive Industry
  • Construction Machinery
  • Shipbuilding
  • Agriculture
  • Organization under State Planning
  • Private and State Farms
  • Postcommunist Restructuring
  • Fishing and Forestry
  • Forestry
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Banking and Finance
  • Banking Reform, 1990-92
  • Insurance and Securities Reform
  • New Financial Institutions
  • Foreign Loans and Money Supply
  • FOREIGN TRADE
  • The Foreign Trade Mechanism
  • Postcommunist Policy Adjustments
  • The End of the Soviet Era
  • The Role of Currency Exchange
  • Foreign Investment
  • ECONOMIC PROSPECTS
  • Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • POLITICAL SETTING
  • The Round Table Agreement
  • The Mazowiecki Government
  • Popular Election of a President
  • The Bielecki Government
  • The Parliamentary Elections of October 1991
  • The Olszewski Government
  • The Pawlak Interlude
  • The Suchocka Government
  • THE CONSTITUTION
  • The Constitution of 1952
  • Constitutional Revisions after April 1989
  • GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
  • Presidency
  • Sejm
  • Senate
  • Supreme Control Chamber
  • Council of Ministers
  • Regional and Local Government
  • Judicial System
  • The National Judicial Council
  • The Supreme Court
  • Lower Courts
  • The Supreme Administrative Court
  • The Constitutional Tribunal
  • The State Tribunal
  • The Prosecutor General
  • The Commissioner for Citizens' Rights
  • POLITICAL PARTIES
  • Solidarity
  • Center Alliance
  • Democratic Union
  • Liberal-Democratic Congress
  • Beer-Lovers' Party
  • Peasant Alliance
  • Christian National Union
  • Party of Christian Democrats
  • Confederation for an Independent Poland
  • PZPR and Successor Parties
  • Polish Peasant Party
  • POLITICS AND THE MEDIA
  • Liberalization in the 1980s
  • The End of Press Censorship
  • Book Publishing
  • Radio and Television
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
  • Soviet Union and Russia
  • Other Former Soviet Republics
  • Baltic States
  • Belarus
  • Ukraine
  • Southern Neighbors and the Visegrá
  • Germany
  • The United States
  • Other Western Countries
  • International Organizations
  • Chapter 5. National Security
  • DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES
  • From Medieval Times to World War I
  • The Interwar Years
  • World War II
  • The Communist Era
  • Postwar Consolidation
  • Defining the Military's Postwar Role
  • Martial Law
  • Transition and Reform
  • NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY
  • Threat Perception
  • Military Doctrine
  • Strategy and Tactics
  • Military Cooperation and Exchanges
  • DEFENSE ORGANIZATION
  • The Communist Tradition
  • Evolution and Restructuring
  • Civilian Command Structure
  • Military Command Structure
  • The Military Prosecutor
  • Lines of Authority
  • National Security Agencies
  • Armed Services
  • Ground Forces
  • Navy
  • Air and Air Defense Forces
  • Territorial Defense Forces
  • MILITARY MANPOWER
  • The Military and Society
  • Recruitment and Service Obligations
  • Military Training and Education
  • Conscript Training
  • Officer Education
  • Reserves and Mobilization
  • DEFENSE AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
  • Military Budget
  • Arms Procurement
  • Arms Imports
  • Domestic Arms Production
  • Arms Exports
  • LAW AND ORDER
  • Internal Security
  • Security Service
  • Militia Forces
  • Border Troops
  • Crime
  • Penal System
  • Under Communism
  • Postcommunist Reform

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